A COURSE OFCHINESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATIONEnter第一第一章章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介第二第二章章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程第三第三章章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比第四第四章章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯第五第五章章 句子的翻譯句子的翻譯 （上）（上）第六第六章章 句子的翻譯句子的翻譯 （下）（下）第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體的翻譯常見(jiàn)文體的翻譯第八章第八章 常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤例析常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤例析目錄：目錄：[<] 翻譯課程不僅僅要講翻譯實(shí)踐，而且還 應(yīng)因該講翻譯歷史與翻譯理論，這三者的關(guān)系應(yīng)該是平等互動(dòng)的關(guān)系，不能偏廢翻譯史是對(duì)翻譯理論和翻譯實(shí)踐的線性總結(jié)，翻譯理論是在不同的歷史時(shí)期對(duì)翻譯實(shí)踐的總結(jié)歸納和升華，而翻譯實(shí)踐則是翻譯理論和翻譯歷史的基礎(chǔ)沒(méi)有翻譯實(shí)踐，無(wú)論翻譯理論還是翻譯歷史都無(wú)從談起 ——林克難 第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介一、教學(xué)目的：了解基本的翻譯原則和翻譯研究的問(wèn)題二、教學(xué)過(guò)程：1. 翻譯的定義和內(nèi)涵2. 中國(guó)幾位翻譯家的理論3. 中國(guó)翻譯史上的論爭(zhēng)4. 直譯與意譯5. 歸化與異化6. 段落翻譯練習(xí)[<]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程一、教學(xué)目的：怎樣去理解和表達(dá)；學(xué)會(huì)表達(dá)的基本策略。

二、教學(xué)過(guò)程：1.理解與表達(dá)2.習(xí)慣與表達(dá)3.段落翻譯練習(xí)[<]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三章 英漢詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比一、教學(xué)目的：了解英漢兩種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的不同，詞匯對(duì)應(yīng)與不對(duì)應(yīng)等情況二、教學(xué)過(guò)程：1. 中西思維的差異導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)言的差異：2. 英漢詞語(yǔ)完全對(duì)應(yīng)3. 英漢詞語(yǔ)部分對(duì)應(yīng)4. 英漢詞語(yǔ)不對(duì)應(yīng)5. 漢英表達(dá)盡量簡(jiǎn)潔6. 形合和意合7. 段落翻譯練習(xí)[<]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 一、教學(xué)目的：要求準(zhǔn)確理解句子中詞的意義，從而在翻譯時(shí)做出正確的選擇二、教學(xué)過(guò)程：1. 詞義多樣性2. 詞義的對(duì)等3. 詞義的選擇4. 詞語(yǔ)翻譯練習(xí)[<]第四章 詞的翻譯English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）一、教學(xué)目的：要求熟練理解句子的翻譯技巧，從而在漢英翻譯時(shí)做到通順、準(zhǔn)確二、教學(xué)過(guò)程：1. 增譯法2.省譯法3.詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換4.正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯法5.翻譯練習(xí)[<]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 一、教學(xué)目的：要求熟練理解句子的翻譯技巧，從而在漢英翻譯時(shí)做到通順、準(zhǔn)確。

二、教學(xué)過(guò)程：1.重譯法2.語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法3.無(wú)主句譯法4.翻譯練習(xí) 第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）[<]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin [<]第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體的翻譯常見(jiàn)文體的翻譯一、教學(xué)目的：要求理解并熟悉常見(jiàn)文體（含旅游景點(diǎn)、歡迎詞/祝詞、廣告等）的翻譯，力求在漢英翻譯時(shí)做到通順、準(zhǔn)確二、教學(xué)過(guò)程：1.旅游景點(diǎn)2.歡迎詞、祝詞3.廣告的翻譯4.翻譯練習(xí) English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 1．翻譯的定義和內(nèi)涵：（．翻譯的定義和內(nèi)涵：（Definition and Connotation））Translation is an art/ science/craft?[ < ] 第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介 翻譯課程不僅僅要講翻譯實(shí)踐，而且還因該講翻譯歷史與翻譯理論，這三者的關(guān)系應(yīng)該是平等互動(dòng)的關(guān)系，不能偏廢翻譯史是對(duì)翻譯理論和翻譯實(shí)踐的線性總結(jié)，翻譯理論是在不同的歷史時(shí)期對(duì)翻譯實(shí)踐的總結(jié)歸納和升華，而翻譯實(shí)踐則是翻譯理論和翻譯歷史的基礎(chǔ)沒(méi)有翻譯實(shí)踐，無(wú)論翻譯理論還是翻譯歷史都無(wú)從談起。

——林克難 譯譯史史譯譯論論譯譯作作并并重重經(jīng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)科科學(xué)學(xué)中中西西合合璧璧——林林克克難難English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 2．．中中國(guó)國(guó)幾幾位位翻翻譯譯家家的的理理論論（（influential translation principles））嚴(yán)復(fù)：信達(dá)雅—faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似—spiritual conformity/, Resemblance in Spirit, Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original. 強(qiáng)調(diào)原作神韻再現(xiàn)。

錢(qián)鐘書(shū)：化境—Transmigration(1964). Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.劉重德：信、達(dá)、切—faithfulness / expressiveness / closeness. 第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介3．中國(guó)翻譯史上的論爭(zhēng)．中國(guó)翻譯史上的論爭(zhēng)魯迅：寧信而不順---rather to be faithful than smooth 目的：引入英文句式的表達(dá)法梁實(shí)秋、趙景深：寧順而不信---rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可讀性強(qiáng)，便于交流[ < ]　　翻譯理論的學(xué)習(xí)：“細(xì)讀原作，理清細(xì)讀原作，理清脈絡(luò)，聯(lián)系實(shí)際，勤（善）于思索脈絡(luò)，聯(lián)系實(shí)際，勤（善）于思索　　　　——林克難（天津外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介4．直譯與意譯．直譯與意譯直譯：literal translation；意譯：free translation直譯的例子：crocodile tears 鱷魚(yú)的眼淚；armed to the teeth 武裝到牙齒；chain reaction 連鎖反應(yīng)；gentlemen’s agreement 君子協(xié)定one country, two systems 一國(guó)兩制；The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流；paper tiger 紙老虎；Breath one’s last 斷氣；go to one’s external rest 安息；the long sleep 長(zhǎng)眠；see Marx 見(jiàn)馬克思；go west 上西天；go to heaven 上天堂；kick the bucket 蹬腿：You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket[1][2][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介直譯不等于死譯(dead translation):街道婦女應(yīng)動(dòng)員起來(lái)打掃衛(wèi)生。

Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床，進(jìn)城，見(jiàn)到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. Public father should be father in law.意譯的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam’s apple句子比較：Little fish does not eat big fish直譯：小魚(yú)不吃大魚(yú)；意譯：胳膊擰不過(guò)大腿試譯：天有不測(cè)風(fēng)云，人有旦夕禍福直譯：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.意譯：The weather and human life are both unpredictable有人說(shuō)，翻譯是帶著鐐銬跳舞（translation is like dancing in fetters）；還有人說(shuō)，翻譯像女人，忠實(shí)的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠實(shí)。

實(shí)際上，忠實(shí)與通順的關(guān)系是辯證關(guān)系[1][2][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介5．． 歸歸 化化 與與 異異 化化 （（ domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation））歸化的翻譯在理論上是把語(yǔ)言看作交際工具；在實(shí)踐上，強(qiáng)調(diào)通俗易懂，避免多義或歧義習(xí)慣認(rèn)為，當(dāng)原文與譯文之間因文化差異而出現(xiàn)不能通達(dá)的情況時(shí)，“要用譯語(yǔ)文化替代原語(yǔ)文化”即把在譯語(yǔ)中找不到對(duì)等的外語(yǔ)詞匯改頭換面，或套用譯語(yǔ)中與之相似的現(xiàn)成的表達(dá)法，把它們變成讀者熟悉的譯語(yǔ)文化形象歸化派代表人物尤金?奈達(dá)（Eugene A. Nida）: Functional Equivalence 功能對(duì)等What is functional equivalence?[1][2][3][4][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin “The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”;“Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original”---- NidaFor instance: as white as snow 通常譯為白如雪 / 但沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)雪的人可以將其翻譯為“白如白鷺毛”，以達(dá)到功能對(duì)等的目的。

Spring up like mushrooms---雨后春筍Everybody's business is nobody's business. 三個(gè)和尚無(wú)水喝Among the blind the one -eyed man is king. 山中無(wú)老虎，猴子稱(chēng)霸王 第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介[1][2][3][4][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 然而，翻譯負(fù)有文化交流的使命，即盡可能把一個(gè)民族的語(yǔ)言和文化習(xí)慣介紹給另一個(gè)民族魯迅先生就特別強(qiáng)調(diào)譯文要“保留原文的豐姿” 在南京大學(xué)姜秋霞教授舉辦的一次翻譯調(diào)查中，多數(shù)讀者認(rèn)為，讀異國(guó)文學(xué)是為了欣賞異國(guó)作品特有的韻味和語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格，他們?cè)谧x譯文之前就已經(jīng)對(duì)不同文化的差異有了一定的心理準(zhǔn)備，有些人讀譯文的目的之一是想了解外國(guó)人與中國(guó)人之間的異同究竟在什么地方因此，從促進(jìn)世界文化交流這個(gè)角度上講，我們?cè)谔幚碛⒆g漢或漢譯英時(shí)，都應(yīng)著力于全面、完整地向譯語(yǔ)讀者介紹對(duì)方(己方)的全部意蘊(yùn)，包括文化特別要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，在漢譯英中，我們尤其要樹(shù)立這種文化意識(shí)，積極創(chuàng)造條件，弘揚(yáng)中華文化，幫助英語(yǔ)讀者擴(kuò)大加深對(duì)中華文化的了解。

異化的翻譯無(wú)疑在文化交流方面起了巨大的作用 第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介[1][2][3][4][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一第一章章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介異化派代表人物韋努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）:All roads lead to Rome: 條條大道通羅馬 不能譯成：殊途同歸To teach one’s grandmother to eat eggs: 教老祖母吃雞蛋 不能譯成：班門(mén)弄斧班門(mén)弄斧：show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.Hence：Make hay while it is sunshine: 不能譯成：趁熱打鐵If I slapped someone, He would see the way to Cracow: 要是我給誰(shuí)一巴掌，準(zhǔn)會(huì)把他扇到克拉科去不能：一巴掌扇到西天去武松要吃酒，哪里聽(tīng)他人發(fā)說(shuō)，一轉(zhuǎn)身道：“放屁！放屁！”pass your wind/sheer nonsense[1][2][3][4][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  6．段落翻譯練習(xí)．段落翻譯練習(xí) 沿著荷塘，是一條曲折的小煤屑路。

這是一條幽僻的路；白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞荷塘四面，長(zhǎng)著許多樹(shù)，蓊蓊郁郁的路的一旁，是些楊柳，和一些不知道名字的樹(shù)沒(méi)有月光的晚上，這路上陰森森的，有些怕人今晚卻很好，雖然月光也還是淡淡的[Understanding] [Translation] 第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin （（1 1）離家）離家心里頗不寧?kù)o（文眼）心里頗不寧?kù)o（文眼）（（2 2～～3 3））走在路上走在路上（環(huán)境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁）（環(huán)境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁）月下的荷塘月下的荷塘塘下的月色塘下的月色荷葉、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水荷葉、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水月光、月影（光和影）月光、月影（光和影）（（4～～5））荷塘四周景色荷塘四周景色（冷清幽邃（冷清幽邃淡淡的哀愁）淡淡的哀愁）（（6））（（7～～10））回憶江南回憶江南聯(lián)想，渴望自由聯(lián)想，渴望自由 第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介[ < ][1] [2]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 沿著沿著荷塘荷塘，是一條曲折的小煤屑，是一條曲折的小煤屑路。

這是一條幽僻的路；白天也路這是一條幽僻的路；白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞少人走，夜晚更加寂寞曲曲折、幽僻、寂寞折、幽僻、寂寞”三種情景前后三種情景前后有何聯(lián)系？）有何聯(lián)系？）荷塘四面，長(zhǎng)著許荷塘四面，長(zhǎng)著許多樹(shù)，蓊蓊郁郁的路的一旁，多樹(shù)，蓊蓊郁郁的路的一旁，是些楊柳，和一些不知道名字的是些楊柳，和一些不知道名字的樹(shù)沒(méi)有月光的晚上，這路上陰樹(shù)沒(méi)有月光的晚上，這路上陰森森的，有些怕人今晚卻很好，森森的，有些怕人今晚卻很好，雖然月光也還是淡淡的雖然月光也還是淡淡的 第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介[ < ][1] [2]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  Beside the lotus pond there is a small tortuous cinder path. This is a secluded road even by day, more isolated still at night. Around the pond, there are many trees rich in leaves, lush and green. There are some willows along the path, and some trees whose names I do not know. When there is no moonlight the road and pond have a haunted disconcerting feel to them. Tonight is not bad, even though the moon looks pale. [Source] 第一章第一章 翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介翻譯原則簡(jiǎn)介[ < ]沿著荷塘，是一條曲折的小煤屑路。

這是一條幽僻的路；白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞荷塘四面，長(zhǎng)著許多樹(shù)，蓊蓊郁郁的路的一旁，是些楊柳，和一些不知道名字的樹(shù)沒(méi)有月光的晚上，這路上陰森森的，有些怕人今晚卻很好，雖然月光也還是淡淡的English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  To outsiders this is a rather simple question to answer. In their eyes, people read and understand the original first and then translate, and this is the whole process. However, is the process of translating so simple as this? (1) Reading: Reading from the perspective of a translator is totally different from everyday reading. (2) Understanding: At this stage, we should bear in mind all the participants involved in the translating process, the SL text, the translator, the TL text, and the reader…etc.(3) Expression: To express in the target language what we have understood. 第二章第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin (4) Proof-reading: At this stage, we have usually finished our translation, but since we have been indulging ourselves in translating for so long, we most probably have become numb in thinking and cannot distinguish what is idiomatic English or Chinese. So we had better put the draft aside for a number of days and then pick it up for proofreading. This way, we may easily detect what has been lost in our translation. Besides, we are suggested to read the translation aloud, which can help us detect unidiomatic expressions on the one hand, and inadequacy of style on the other. 第二章第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第二章第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程1．．Understanding & Expression①Do you see any green in my eye? 你以為我是好欺騙的嗎?②It is an order from President Bush/ I don’t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass. 這是布什總統(tǒng)的命令，管他什么布什，布頭兒，布片兒，我才不在乎呢。

③The old man’s heart missed a beat when he saw the pearl. 這位老人一看到這顆珍珠高興得連心都跳不過(guò)來(lái)[1][2][3][ < ]Translate as literally as possible and as freely as is necessary.( Peter. New Mark)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin ④A good dancer never missed a beat. 善于跳舞的人從不漏跳一拍（總能跟上節(jié)拍/總能采對(duì)步點(diǎn)）⑤If we don’t hang together, they shall hang us separately. 咱們要是不摽到一塊兒，保準(zhǔn)會(huì)吊到一塊兒我們不緊緊團(tuán)結(jié)一致，必然一個(gè)個(gè)被人絞死 我們必須共赴沙場(chǎng)，否則就得分赴刑場(chǎng)⑥It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.⑦ 世間有這樣一條公認(rèn)的真理，凡財(cái)產(chǎn)豐富的單身漢勢(shì)必缺少太太。

(??) 第二章第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程[1][2][3][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin ⑦Gonna fight with me? Tell’em I am ready for it. I am always ready for it. 想和我打架？告訴他們我奉陪，我隨時(shí)奉陪⑧He was glad because he couldn’t have to send me away without buying anything. 他總能買(mǎi)點(diǎn)什么讓我?guī)ё?，這令他很高興⑨The market in China is an almost bottomless pit. 中國(guó)的市場(chǎng)幾乎是個(gè)無(wú)底洞 中國(guó)的市場(chǎng)無(wú)限巨大 第二章第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程[1][2][3][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  Translate as literally as possible and as freely as is necessary. 第二章第二章 詞語(yǔ)翻譯詞語(yǔ)翻譯——習(xí)慣與表達(dá)習(xí)慣與表達(dá)2. Indeed ExpressionAnna was thin and black, a very umbrella of a woman.安娜是一個(gè)又瘦又黑的女人，上身粗大，下身細(xì)長(zhǎng)。

簡(jiǎn)直像一把雨傘 改正：安娜是一個(gè)又瘦又黑的女人，活像一把細(xì)長(zhǎng)的黑雨傘Don't trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自尋煩惱 Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract from more than a decade. 十多年來(lái)，失業(yè)一直頑固地拒絕壓縮（F）/ 失業(yè)人數(shù)總是減不下來(lái)，已經(jīng)十多個(gè)年頭了紅白喜事 the red and white things --weddings and funerals [ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 3. 段落翻譯練習(xí)(1) (2) 曲曲折折的荷塘上面，彌望的是田田的葉子葉子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙層層的葉子中間，零星地點(diǎn)綴著些白花，有裊娜地開(kāi)著的，有羞澀地打著朵兒的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如剛出浴的美人微風(fēng)過(guò)處，送來(lái)縷縷清香，仿佛遠(yuǎn)處高樓上渺茫的歌聲似的 [Translation] 第二章第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程[1][2][3][4][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin （（1 1）離家）離家心里頗不寧?kù)o（文眼）心里頗不寧?kù)o（文眼）（（2 2～～3 3））走在路上走在路上（環(huán)境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁）（環(huán)境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁）月下的荷塘月下的荷塘塘下的月色塘下的月色荷葉、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水荷葉、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水月光、月影（光和影）月光、月影（光和影）（（4～～5））荷塘四周景色荷塘四周景色（冷清幽邃（冷清幽邃淡淡的哀愁）淡淡的哀愁）（（6））（（7～～10））回憶江南回憶江南聯(lián)想，渴望自由聯(lián)想，渴望自由English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  Above the winding lotus pond, leaves with quartered lines fill my eyes. Leaves are high above the water, like the skirts of slim dancing girls. In those layers of leaves, dotted with white flowers here and there, some are gracefully in bloom, some shyly in bud, like scattered pearls, like stars in the clear sky, like beautiful girls just after a bath. Where gentle winds pass, there are wisps of light perfume, like faint songs coming from distant high buildings. [Source] 第二章第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程[1][21][22] [3][4][ < ]曲曲折折的荷塘上面，彌望的是田田的葉子。

葉子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙層層的葉子中間，零星地點(diǎn)綴著些白花，有裊娜地開(kāi)著的，有羞澀地打著朵兒的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如剛出浴的美人微風(fēng)過(guò)處，送來(lái)縷縷清香，仿佛遠(yuǎn)處高樓上渺茫的歌聲似的English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin At this moment, there is a tiny thrill between the flowers and leaves, like lightning, streaking across the lotus pond suddenly. Leaves are shoulder to shoulder, closely standing together, now there is a patch of green water. Water is flowing silently under the leaves, it is hidden, no color can be seen, but more charming are the leaves. 第二章第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程[ < ][1][21][22] [3][4] 這時(shí)候葉子與花也有一絲的顫動(dòng)，像閃電般，霎時(shí)傳過(guò)荷塘的那邊去了。

葉子本是肩并肩密密地挨著，這便宛然有了一道凝碧的波痕葉子底下是脈脈的流水,遮住了,不能見(jiàn)一些顏色；而葉子卻更見(jiàn)風(fēng)致了English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  A.A.月月光光如如流流水水一一般般，，靜靜靜靜地地瀉瀉在在這這一一片片葉葉子子和和花花上上薄薄薄薄的的青青霧霧浮浮起起在在荷荷塘塘里里葉葉子子和和花花仿仿佛佛在在牛牛乳乳中中洗洗過(guò)過(guò)一一樣樣；；又又像像籠籠著著輕輕紗紗的的夢(mèng)夢(mèng)雖雖然然是是滿(mǎn)滿(mǎn)月月，，天天上上卻卻有有一一層層淡淡淡淡的的云云，，所所以以不不能能朗朗照照；；但但我我以以為為這這恰恰是是到到了了好好處處————酣酣眠眠固固不不可可少少，，小小睡睡也也別別有有風(fēng)風(fēng)味的 第二章第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程[1][2][3][4][Translation][ < ]3. 段落翻譯練習(xí)段落翻譯練習(xí)(1) (2)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  Moonlight is like flowing water, pouring peacefully onto the leaves and flowers. Filmy mists rise in the lotus pond. The leaves and flowers are as if washed in cow’s milk, like a dream covered with light yarn. Although it is a full moon, there is a thin layer of cloud in the sky. The moon cannot get through to give full light. But I think it’s just about perfect- although sound sleeps are necessary, naps also have a special flavor. [Source] 第二章第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程[1][2][3][4][ < ]月光如流水一般，靜靜地瀉在這一片葉子和花上。

薄薄的青霧浮起在荷塘月光如流水一般，靜靜地瀉在這一片葉子和花上薄薄的青霧浮起在荷塘里葉子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗過(guò)一樣；又像籠著輕紗的夢(mèng)雖然是滿(mǎn)月，里葉子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗過(guò)一樣；又像籠著輕紗的夢(mèng)雖然是滿(mǎn)月，天上卻有一層淡淡的云，所以不能朗照；但我以為這恰是到了好處天上卻有一層淡淡的云，所以不能朗照；但我以為這恰是到了好處——酣酣眠固不可少，小睡也別有風(fēng)味的眠固不可少，小睡也別有風(fēng)味的English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Moonlight is passing through trees. Bushes from higher ground cast irregular black shadows, like ghosts. The beautiful shadows of bending willows are sparsely drawn on the lotus leaves. Moonlight in the pond is not even, but lightness and shadows are in harmony, like sublime music played on a violin. B. 月月光光是是隔隔了了樹(shù)樹(shù)照照過(guò)過(guò)來(lái)來(lái)的的，，高高處處叢叢生生的的灌灌木木，，落落下下參參差差的的斑斑駁駁的的黑黑影影，，峭峭楞楞楞楞如如鬼鬼一一般般；；彎彎彎彎的的楊楊柳柳的的稀稀疏疏的的倩倩影影，，卻卻又又像像是是畫(huà)畫(huà)在在荷荷葉葉上上。

塘塘中中的的月月色色并并不不均均勻勻；；但但光光與與影影有有著著和和諧諧的的旋旋律律，，如如梵梵婀婀玲玲上上奏奏著著的名曲[Translation] 第二章第二章 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第三章第三章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比1. 中西思維的差異導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)言的差異思維與語(yǔ)言的關(guān)系猶如母與子的關(guān)系先有人類(lèi)思維后有語(yǔ)言、圖畫(huà)、音樂(lè)等外在表現(xiàn)形式Language serves as dress of thought/Thoughts are always expressed by words /Without thinking，language would be meaningless那么，思維又是如何作用在語(yǔ)言形式上的呢?通過(guò)研究可知：思維---表現(xiàn)法---語(yǔ)言具體形式中國(guó)自古以來(lái)就是傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó)，即所謂“靠天吃飯”農(nóng)業(yè)、土地與民生息息相關(guān)，所以就形成了“天人合一”這一中國(guó)文化的精髓即把人與自然視為和諧統(tǒng)一的整體，人類(lèi)文化與天命自然統(tǒng)一The Taoist notion Of following nature is closed related，as in other naturalistic movements，to the idea of fate.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 這種中國(guó)文化的最高境界使中國(guó)人習(xí)慣于崇尚自然、行于自然；不違天命、順其自然的處世哲學(xué)和宿命論，即Let things remain as they are.而在人與天地萬(wàn)物協(xié)調(diào)共存的世界中，則存在著循環(huán)往復(fù)、生生不息的發(fā)展變化。

美國(guó)人說(shuō)這是moving in endless circles and repeating it over and over again中國(guó)的儒家與道家哲學(xué)就深深體現(xiàn)了這種觀點(diǎn)如“道生一、一生二、二生三、三生萬(wàn)物，萬(wàn)物歸于道”等，這就是漢民族的循回式思維方式，比如在語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)法中有回環(huán)式：“人不犯我，我不犯人”，及遞進(jìn)式表達(dá)：“道高一尺，魔高一丈”所以，中國(guó)人表達(dá)事物總是按時(shí)間和事理發(fā)展順序由因到果、由先到后、由大到小進(jìn)行闡述，這種思維模式可稱(chēng)為具體一般型表達(dá)(Particular-General Pattern)習(xí)慣于問(wèn)題解決型模式(Problem-solution Pattern)，它們不僅在語(yǔ)言上如此，在文化藝術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中也都占有統(tǒng)治地位[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][ < ] 第三第三章章漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第三第三章章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比也就是說(shuō)中國(guó)人擅長(zhǎng)具象思維西方人恰恰相反，他們一向?qū)⑷伺c自然分隔開(kāi)來(lái)，認(rèn)為思維是獨(dú)立于自然之外的客觀事物，講究“人物分立”，人能夠通過(guò)斗爭(zhēng)征服自然、改造自然。

從美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)里根(Ronald Reagan)說(shuō)過(guò)的一句話(huà)之中我們就可見(jiàn)一斑：I do not believe in fate that falls on us no matter what we do，but，I do believe in fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.我不相信，無(wú)論我們做什么，我們的命運(yùn)都一樣；但是我相信，如果我們什么都不做，我們的命運(yùn)是一樣的[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][ < ]雅加達(dá)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第三第三章章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比也就是說(shuō)，He wants us to believe in the struggle, not in the fate. 諸多此類(lèi)像美國(guó)人熱衷于job-hopping (跳槽)，美國(guó)人的夢(mèng)想便是being a self-made man from rags to riches再比如，從東方人與西方人做事的動(dòng)因也可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：The Chinese is always described as a person who does things because they have been done before. And the Americans a person who does things because they haven’t been done before.中國(guó)人做一件事是因?yàn)檫@件事以前有人做過(guò)；美國(guó)人做一件事是因?yàn)檫@件事以前從未有人做過(guò)。

Americans love to try something new mostly because of a belief that newer maybe better.美國(guó)人喜歡嘗試新事物，很大程度上因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為更新的可能是更好的[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第三第三章章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比通過(guò)研究可知，英語(yǔ)自莎士比亞時(shí)代以來(lái)有很大發(fā)展英語(yǔ)被譽(yù)為理性語(yǔ)言，這與歐美哲學(xué)較早與改造、征服自然的科學(xué)技術(shù)相結(jié)合，特別是培根和洛克等一代啟蒙哲學(xué)家恪守的客觀形式化方法(即邏輯論證)很有關(guān)系British people love science and technology because these fields of study bring the excitement of new discovery. 英國(guó)人熱愛(ài)科學(xué)技術(shù)因?yàn)樗軒?lái)新發(fā)現(xiàn)，是改造自然、征服自然的最有力武器The love of change is closely tied to faith in improvement.培根思維精深周密；洛克的哲理明豁通達(dá)，對(duì)英語(yǔ)影響極深。

哲學(xué)思辯”(Speculative Philosophy)使他們將英語(yǔ)化為對(duì)人類(lèi)經(jīng)驗(yàn)(物理變化經(jīng)驗(yàn)、感覺(jué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、價(jià)值經(jīng)驗(yàn))理性構(gòu)建的精辟描述從語(yǔ)言學(xué)角度來(lái)說(shuō)，培根和洛克等一代理性主義哲學(xué)家實(shí)質(zhì)上為英語(yǔ)作了科學(xué)規(guī)范，以至被稱(chēng)為："King’s English" [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第三第三章章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比綜上所述，我們不難理解：西方人的思維模式是一般具體型思 維 ， 擅 長(zhǎng) 抽 象 思 維 ， 總 是 先 概 括 后 分 解 (Topic S-Supporting S）、先表態(tài)后敘述、先總結(jié)后事例、先整體后細(xì)節(jié)，由果到因、由小到大等眾所周知，地名的敘述便為一例由于中西思維模式的迥異，說(shuō)話(huà)的語(yǔ)序就存在很大區(qū)別，所以中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)頻繁出現(xiàn)試舉例說(shuō)明：我原先打算七月一日飛香港，后來(lái)不得不取消，這使我很掃興中國(guó)學(xué)生就常按中文語(yǔ)序脫口而出，使語(yǔ)義重心落在后面實(shí)際上，按英語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣應(yīng)先概括，將語(yǔ)義重心放在前面，然后分解開(kāi)來(lái)，所以應(yīng)翻譯成 It was keen disappointment that I had to cancel the visit I had intended to fly to Hong Kong On July 1st.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第三第三章章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比再看下面典型的例句：“在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)中，中國(guó)應(yīng)繼續(xù)保持一個(gè)積極而充滿(mǎn)活力的力量，我堅(jiān)信這是符合我國(guó)利益的。

讓我們看英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序：I strongly believe that it’s in the interests of my countrymen that China should remain an active and energetic power in global economic matters.由此可見(jiàn)，漢語(yǔ)是按時(shí)間順序和邏輯發(fā)展關(guān)系由先到后、由因到果、由假設(shè)到推論、由事實(shí)到論證，而英語(yǔ)則相反[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][ < ]On the Causes of the Disparities between Chinese and EnglishAbstract: There exist many disparities between Chinese and English, which were influenced deeply by their own traditional philosophy, thought pattern and natural geographical conditions. This essay will probe into the causes from the three aspects with numerous analyses and point out that, Chinese is an analytic language, whose main characteristics are shaped from the philosophical concept of viewing the universe as a whole, thought pattern revolving around the subject, figurative thinking and the semi-closed continental geographical conditions; while while English English is is a a synthetic synthetic language, language, whose whose differences differences from from Chinese Chinese can can be be traced traced back back to to its its analytic analytic concept concept in in traditional traditional philosophy, philosophy, abstract abstract thinking, thinking, thought thought pattern pattern moving moving around around the the object, object, and and open open maritime geographical conditions.maritime geographical conditions.English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第三第三章章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比2. 漢英詞語(yǔ)完全對(duì)應(yīng)漢英詞語(yǔ)完全對(duì)應(yīng)（word for word correspondence）Aspirin； ‘Marxism； ‘Capitalism； ‘modernism.3. 漢漢英英詞詞語(yǔ)語(yǔ)部部分分對(duì)對(duì)應(yīng)應(yīng) (one word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning )Wife: 妻子、愛(ài)人、老伴、內(nèi)人、賤內(nèi)、夫人、老婆；president: 總統(tǒng)、主席、校長(zhǎng)、議長(zhǎng)、會(huì)長(zhǎng)、社長(zhǎng)；Morning: 早晨、上午部分對(duì)應(yīng)造成翻譯時(shí)的選擇，如對(duì)于morning 的翻譯：Late in the morning 接近晌午/ Early in the morning 一大早；而mid-morning 等最好用時(shí)間表示：Mid morning: 上午十點(diǎn)左右 Mid-afternoon: 下午三、四點(diǎn)In the middle of next week: 下周三前后[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第三第三章章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比4. 漢英詞語(yǔ)不對(duì)應(yīng) (words without correspondence ):Teenager: 13至19歲的青少年; Clock-watcher: 老是看鐘等下班的人; Prey: 被捕食的動(dòng)物; Porridge: 牛奶燕麥粥（Combination of milk and oatmeal）; Individualism 個(gè)人主義; Dink=double income no kids 丁克家族5. 漢英表達(dá)盡量簡(jiǎn)潔（Brevity）Any person leaving litter about instead of putting it in this basket will be liable to a fine of 5 pounds. 任何不把凌亂的東西放入這個(gè)筐內(nèi)而任意亂扔的人將處于罰款5英鎊。

廢物入筐，違者罰款5磅Clothes or no clothes, I can read you like a book. 不管你怎樣偽裝，我都能看透你[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第三第三章章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比6． 形 合 和 意 合 （ hypotaxis and parataxis）例如：Don’t come in until I call you. 我叫你再進(jìn)來(lái)?xiàng)l件：If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 明天不下雨，我們就去公園時(shí)間：He has never been back to Beijing since he left it five years ago. (他）離開(kāi)北京五年了, 從未回去過(guò)結(jié)果：He read so fast that we could not hear it clearly. 他讀的太快，我們聽(tīng)不清楚原因：It must have been done by you since only you stayed in the classroom last night. 昨晚你在教室，肯定是你干的。

轉(zhuǎn)折：It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature. 江山易改，稟性難移[1][2][ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第三第三章章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比對(duì)比：The future is bright while the road ahead is tortuous. 道路是曲折的，前途是光明的Shanghai was once paradise for the capitalists but hell for the laboring people. 上海是資本家的樂(lè)園，勞動(dòng)群眾的苦海If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. 施恩勿記，受恩勿忘[1][2][ < ]Do not remember a favor given; do not forget a favor received. Version2：： 施恩勿念，受恩勿忘。

施恩勿念，受恩勿忘惠”和“恩”可視為一對(duì)同義詞； “施”和“受”是一對(duì)反義詞； “無(wú)念”意為“不要放在心上”，“莫忘”意為“不要忘記”， 漢語(yǔ)譯文是祈使句， 兩句話(huà)， 八個(gè)字，完全對(duì)稱(chēng) English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 我們過(guò)了江，進(jìn)了車(chē)站，我買(mǎi)票，他忙著照看行李張培基：We entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage.楊憲益：We crossed the Yangze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw (was seeing) to my luggage. 第三第三章章 漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比漢英詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第三第三章章 英漢詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比英漢詞匯現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比7．段落翻譯練習(xí)：江南的春天素稱(chēng)多雨，一落就是七八天。

住在上海的人們，平日就感不到雨的需要，一旦下雨，天氣是那么陰沉，誰(shuí)也耐不住悶在狹小的家里；可是跑到外面，沒(méi)有山，沒(méi)有湖，也沒(méi)有經(jīng)雨的嫩綠的葉子，一切都不及晴天好；有時(shí)闊人的汽車(chē)從你身旁施過(guò)，還得帶一身污泥回來(lái)摘自唐弢《故鄉(xiāng)的雨》) Spring in the south is known to be rainy. During this season, it never rains there but it remains wet for seven or eight days on end. Dwellers in Shanghai, who usually do not feel the need for rain, will be bored with having to confine themselves in their close quarters when outside it is gloomy with rain. While in the open, seeing to mountains, nor lakes, nor rain-drenched soft green leaves, you’ll find nothing comparable to a fine day. Sometimes, worse still, a rich man’s car flashing past may splash you all over with mud.[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin [ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯1. The Diversity of Word Meaning（詞義的多樣性）（詞義的多樣性） The meaning of a word is not uniform but diversified and multidimensional. A case in point is the word "seat" in the sentence "The District of Columbia is the seat of the national government." The usual sense of the word offers us no satisfactory solution. It is now obvious that the key to translating the sentence lies in a proper understanding of this single word. Consultation of dictionaries tells us that "seat", apart from its usual sense of "a place for sitting" can also mean "center or a place where a particular activity happens." Therefore, the sentence can be rendered into 哥倫比亞是國(guó)家政府的所在地。

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  Such examples abounds in the Chinese and English languages. For instance, 紅茶 is translated into "black tea" instead of "red tea"; "fresh milk" is translated into 鮮奶, but "get fresh with a woman" can only be 調(diào)戲婦女. The same is true of "cat (貓)" when it is used as a single word and in the sentence "She is a cat. (她是一個(gè)邪惡的女人)" All these examples show the diversity of word meaning and the barrier it causes to the translator who, unfortunately, has got to wrestle with each of the words in a text. A good knowledge of different types of word meaning now seems apparent.[ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 同舟共濟(jì)≠"be/row/sail in the same boat ““夾著尾巴” ≠ “ with his tail between his legs” “sing a different tune” ≠唱反調(diào) “to start expressing a different attitude and reacting in a different way, after something as happened“ (LDCE) =變卦The translated version唱反調(diào)is a Chinese expression that indicates opposition, something the English original does not possess. [ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯The major types of word meaning are conceptual meaning, connotative meaning.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, In practice, connotative meaning may include stylistic meaning and affective meaning, which can be respectively graded into "formal," "informal," "literary," "archaic" and "slang" and "appreciative" and "pejorative". 政治家: ① “Statesman” --"a political or government leader, esp. one who is respected as being wise, honorable, and fair-minded" (LDCE), and is often used appreciatively.② “Politician” -- "someone who is skilled at dealing with people in a way that is advantageous to himself or herself or at using a system to his or her advantage" (LDCE) and is often used pejoratively.[ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Stylistic Meaning小便: ①piss and pee ; ② “wash one's hands” , or "do one's business." 雨后春筍①(spring up like) bamboo shoots after a spring shower ②mushroom after a spring shower 爆發(fā)戶(hù): upstart/mushroom millionaire 布衣蔬食① wear cotton clothes and eat vegetable food ②coarse clothes and simple fare 談戀愛(ài) ① have love affairs with sb. ② "have a walk-out with sb.", "date with sb.", "be in courtship", "walk out with sb.", or "go out regularly with sb." [ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin [ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯2. Lexical Equivalence (詞義對(duì)等）詞義對(duì)等）日 ≠ Sun Equivalence is a relative translation terminology . (1) There are very few absolute or real equivalents in the two strikingly different languages like Chinese and English; (2) Most of the efforts should be spent in seeking possible equivalents in the target language that are nearly corresponding in meaning to the word in the source language. ——faithfulness[1] [2] [3] [4]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 東方時(shí)空-Oriental Time and Space 德國(guó)-Germany等腰三角形-isosceles triangle斷層山-fault mountain計(jì)算機(jī)-computer 助教-assistant teacher場(chǎng)磁鐵-field magnet地盾-shield書(shū) 架-book shelf新生兒-newborn babyfrom beginning to end-從頭到尾family property-家產(chǎn)helicopter-直升飛機(jī)The Atlantic Ocean-大西洋strike while the iron is hot-乘熱打鐵lose face-丟臉Failure is the mother of success-失敗是成功之母 a near neighbor is better than a far-dwelling kinsman-遠(yuǎn)親不如近鄰bull market-牛市trump card-王牌 2.1 Absolute Equivalents（完全對(duì)等）（完全對(duì)等）[ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯[1] [2] [3] [4]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 2.2 Partial Equivalents （部分對(duì)等）（部分對(duì)等）警察： “policeman,” “constable,” “bobby,” “cop,” “smoky,” ;侮辱 ： A Modern Chinese Dictionary, means "do harm to one's personality or reputation; be humiliated." (使對(duì)方的人格或名譽(yù)受到損害, 蒙受恥辱). "abuse," "insult" and "slander." More Examples can be seen in Chapter III.[ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯[1] [2] [3] [4]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 2.3Explanatory Equivalents（解說(shuō)式對(duì)等）（解說(shuō)式對(duì)等） It is the best in the process of translating if the translate can find an absolute equivalent; It is still satisfactory if a word can find one or more partial equivalents in the target language. But there are times when the translator may have to face such a dismal/gloomy reality that there are no equivalents either absolute or partial for the original. In other words, what exists in the source language does not exist in the target language. 衙門(mén)：yamen 雜碎：chop-suey大餅：dabin  油條：youtiao風(fēng)水：fengshui 餃子：jiaozi豆腐：toufu 炒面：choumian[ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯[1] [2] [3] [4]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 3. Choosing Proper Words(詞的選擇）詞的選擇） [ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯 Since word meaning is so diversified and multidimensional and equivalents are so difficult to find, we must choose words very carefully when we translate because a proper choice sometimes matters a lot to the overall translation. But meanwhile, we must guard against "false friends", words that look similar but mean quite differently in different languages. Method: According to the CONTEXT the word ina. 金雞金雞鞋油：顏色有黑、棕、白、紅、黃、藍(lán)。

Golden Rooster Shoe Polish comes in black, brown, white, red, yellow and blue. [1] [2] [3]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin b.老王說(shuō)，他沒(méi)著沒(méi)著了Lao Wang said that he was at the end of his tether. c. 我不僅暗自發(fā)笑暗自發(fā)笑：你有什么必要說(shuō) “sorry”呢？I can't help chuckling: why do you need to say ‘sorry’?吊膀子 has nothing to do with "arm", but means "flirt", 泡馬子 can only mean "court/woo a girl" since the literal meaning of 泡 (soap into) makes no sense to native English speakers. 釣大魚(yú)(to wait for a bigger return), 打水漂(to spend money in a wasteful way), 下海(to engage in doing business), 格格不入 (be inconsistent with), 半拉子工程 (uncompleted project), [ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯[1] [2] [3]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin d. 他是在苦水苦水中泡大的。

He was brought up in misery.e. 我們的朋友遍天下天下We have friends everywhere.f. 有一個(gè)字，整天掛掛在美國(guó)人的嘴邊，那就是sorryThere is a word that is frequently said by/on the lips of Americans. That is sorry.笑掉大牙白酒 紅眼 街道婦女 減肥操 slimnastics (≠reducing weight/fat exercise) 干貨 婚約 三角戀 秋波 [ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯[1] [2] [3]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin [ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯4. Exercises for Word Translation ①地下游覽驚險(xiǎn)刺激驚險(xiǎn)刺激②郭彩娣笑了，贊賞他的口才說(shuō)："說(shuō)話(huà)真會(huì)繞彎繞彎" ③③別了別了，司徒雷登！④你能算出那顆子彈的初速度初速度嗎？⑤我在校門(mén)口和他分手⑥她怕碰一鼻子灰碰一鼻子灰，話(huà)到了嘴邊，又吞了下去⑦他吹得天花亂墜。

天花亂墜⑧打得贏就打，打不贏就走走 （Translation）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Key to exercise 4-4[ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯① The underground voyage is full of dangers and risks. The underground voyage is full of adventure and risk.②Guo Caidi smiled and said appreciatively: "He certainly knows how to beat around the bush." Guo Caidi smiled and said appreciatively: "He certainly knows how to keep you guessing.”③Goodbye, Leighton Stuart! Farewell, Leighton Stuart! ④Can you calculate the initial speed of the bullet? Can you calculate the initial velocity of the bullet?(Source)[1] [2]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin (Source)⑤I parted with him at the school gate.⑥ I parted from him at the school gate.⑥She was afraid of being snubbed, so she swallowed the words that came to her lips. ⑦He bragged in the most fantastic terms. (give an extravagantly colourful description)⑧Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot win. Key to exercise 4-4[ < ] 第四章第四章 詞的翻譯詞的翻譯[1] [2]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————增詞法增詞法1. 增譯法增譯法(Amplification) [ < ][1] [2] [3] [4] [5] The theoretical basis for this method is shown in the fact that English is a language of hypotaxis while Chinese a language of parataxis. The former means that the words or sentences in a text are connected with each other mainly through structural means, both lexical and morphological. The latter, however, means that clauses, sentences or paragraphs are organized into texts mainly through meaning, not form. English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin DiscussionDiscussion：：?知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負(fù)；不知己不知彼，每戰(zhàn)必殆。

第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）——增詞法增詞法[ < ]（若）知己（而又）知彼，（則）百戰(zhàn)不殆；（若）不知彼而知己，（則）（將）一勝（及）一負(fù)；（若）不知己（而又）不知彼，（則）每戰(zhàn)（將）必殆 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）——增詞法增詞法[ < ]Discussion：：②他跑來(lái)跑去的尋。

他想尋一個(gè)窟穴，躲了身子，將石子堵了穴口，隱隱的蛻殼他知道外面蛻殼是危險(xiǎn)的身子還軟，要被別的螃蟹吃去的這并非害怕，他實(shí)在親眼見(jiàn)過(guò) He dashed here and there in search of a cave to hide. He was going to block up the mouth of the cave so that he could moult in secret. He knew it would be very dangerous to shed his shell in the open because, with his new shell still being soft, he might be eaten up by other crabs. This fear was not groundless for he himself had really seen it happen to other moulting crabs. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）——增詞法增詞法[ < ]③憑窗站了一會(huì)兒，微微的覺(jué)得涼意侵人。

轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身來(lái)，忽然眼花繚亂④Standing at the window for a while, I felt a bit chilly. As I turned round… ④對(duì)不起，我恐怕來(lái)不了了Excuse me. I’m afraid I cannot come. ⑤我們老地方見(jiàn)Let's meet at the usual place. ⑥公共場(chǎng)所禁止抽煙Smoking is prohibited in public places. Discussion：：[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）——增詞法增詞法[ < ]⑦英語(yǔ)系教學(xué)力量雄厚，學(xué)生在全國(guó)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四、八級(jí)考試中，成績(jī)處同類(lèi)院校的前列 The Department of English boasts a strong faculty of high dedication and competence, and as a result, students in the Department have been scoring high in the national English tests (TEM 4 and TEM 8). ⑧虛心使人進(jìn)步，驕傲使人落后。

Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.⑨人人為我，我為人人 All for one, and one for all. ⑩你想走就先走吧 If you want to leave, leave first. Discussion：：[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————省譯法省譯法 [ < ]2. 省譯法省譯法 （（Omission）） Omission is a rhetorical device that frequents both Chinese and English. For instance, 若是死時(shí)，我與你們同死；活時(shí)， （我與你們）同活《水滸》第二回）；七月（蟋蟀）在野，八月（蟋蟀）在宇，九月（蟋蟀）在戶(hù)，十月蟋蟀入我床下《詩(shī)經(jīng)》）；As a translation technique, it means deleting what is redundant in the translation so as to make it concise and idiomatic. It is a method based on the assumption that word-for-word or even sentence-for-sentence translation will usually result in inadequate translation, producing works either awkward in wording or redundant in content. [1] [2] [3] [4]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）——省譯法省譯法 [ < ]Discussion：The Chinese language contains a large number of idioms that are composed of two parts that depend on repetition of meaning to achieve rhythm or balance, for example,銅墻鐵壁天搖地動(dòng)豐功偉績(jī)能說(shuō)會(huì)道談天說(shuō)地目瞪口呆Chinese expressions also abound in verbs or nouns that repeat themselves to achieve emphasis. In translating them into English, we retain only one of the verbs or nouns and omitted all the others for the sake of conciseness. "bastion of iron", "earth-shaking", "great accomplishments", "to have the gift of the gab", "to have a casual chat","dumbfounded" [1] [2] [3] [4]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）——省譯法省譯法[ < ](1)我們必須培養(yǎng)分析問(wèn)題問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題問(wèn)題的能力。

2)We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.(3)(2) 她看看看看我，又看看看看其他人，沒(méi)有說(shuō)話(huà)4)He looked at me, and then at the others, and said nothing.(5)(3) 我們必須堅(jiān)持堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義道路，堅(jiān)持堅(jiān)持人民民主專(zhuān)政，堅(jiān)持堅(jiān)持共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，堅(jiān)持堅(jiān)持馬列主義、毛澤東思想6)We must adhere to the socialist road, the people's democratic dictatorship, the Communist Party's leadership and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.Discussion：[1] [2] [3] [4]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上） ——省譯法省譯法 [ < ] In translation from Chinese to English there are two other things to be noticed. First, the Chinese language uses a lot of category words in its expressions. For example, 任務(wù)，工作，情況，狀態(tài)，問(wèn)題，形勢(shì)，局面，事業(yè)，現(xiàn)象，領(lǐng)域，做法，etc. These words are known as empty words that do not have concrete meanings and are used only to make the expressions structurally acceptable. Therefore, they are always omitted in the process of translating. (4) 多年來(lái)那個(gè)國(guó)家一直有嚴(yán)重的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象現(xiàn)象。

For many years unemployment has been rampant in that country. Discussion：[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上） ——省譯法省譯法 [ < ]Discussion：(5)中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)建設(shè)離不開(kāi)與世界各國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與貿(mào)易往來(lái)China's modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations. (6)我們要逐步推進(jìn)商業(yè)、外貿(mào)、金融、保險(xiǎn)、證券、電信、旅游和中介服務(wù)等領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)域的對(duì)外開(kāi)放Commerce, foreign trade, banking, insurance, securities, telecommunications, tourism and intermediary services should be gradually opened to the outside world. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin The Chinese language uses a lot of pompous (full of high-sounding phrases) words like 勝利（召開(kāi)），不切實(shí)際的（幻想），徹底（粉碎）, etc. These words are used mainly for emphasis or for balance of the expressions. Literally translated, they will make the translations ridiculous or weaken the intended emphatic effect. Look at the following examples: (7) 我們強(qiáng)烈強(qiáng)烈要求美國(guó)政府就此次事件向中國(guó)鄭重道歉。

We demand that US government apologize to China for this incident. 第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上） ——省譯法省譯法 [ < ]Discussion：[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）——省譯法省譯法 [ < ](8) 依法嚴(yán)嚴(yán)厲厲打擊各種犯罪活動(dòng)，堅(jiān)堅(jiān)決決掃除黃賭毒等社會(huì)丑惡現(xiàn)象現(xiàn)象We must crack down on all criminal activities according to the law and eradicate such social evils as pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking.(9) 只有充充分分發(fā)展商品經(jīng)濟(jì)，才能把經(jīng)濟(jì)真真正正搞活，使各企業(yè)增加效率The development of a commodity economy is the only way to invigorate our economy and prompt enterprises to raise their efficiency.Discussion：[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）——省譯法省譯法[ < ](10) 進(jìn)進(jìn)一一步步簡(jiǎn)化手續(xù)，及時(shí)地積積極極地地從國(guó)外引進(jìn)技術(shù)，并且認(rèn)真認(rèn)真組織科學(xué)技術(shù)人員和廣大廣大職工做好消化和推廣工作。

We should simplify procedures and take prompt action to import urgently needed technology and organize scientists, technicians and workers to assimilate popularize imported technology. Discussion：[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換[ < ]3. 詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換（詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換（Conversion）） The English and Chinese languages are poles apart. Therefore, there can hardly be any word-for-word equivalence in terms of word class, otherwise, translation would have been much easier. Such being the case, it is only understandable that conversion, the change of word classes, should be adopted as a translation technique. 巴黎圣母院 Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin A. Verbs in Chinese and nouns in English It is generally acknowledged that the Chinese uses more verbs as the English uses more nouns. Therefore, in translation between the two languages a conversion between the two word classes are possible. For instance, 第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換[ < ](1)非公莫入入！(2)No admittance except on business!(3)(2) 不準(zhǔn)拍照拍照！(4)No camera!(5)(3) 照常營(yíng)業(yè)營(yíng)業(yè)。

6)Business as usual.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換[ < ](4) 此路不通不通！ (5) 不準(zhǔn)入內(nèi)入內(nèi)！No thoroughfare! No entry!(6) 絕對(duì)不許違反違反這個(gè)原則No violation of this principle can be tolerated.(7) 中國(guó)成功地爆炸爆炸了第一顆原子彈，在全世界引起了巨大的反響China’s first atomic blast was a great shock to the rest of the world.(8) 胎又癟癟了We've got another flat tire. Discussion[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 當(dāng)心碰頭：Caution: Overhead Hazard!當(dāng)心(地)滑倒/坡：Caution: Slippery Floor/ Surface!當(dāng)心墜物：Caution: Risk of Falling Objects!前方施工：Road Work Ahead!禁止掉頭：No U-Turn!English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換[ < ]Discussion In addition, the English language uses a lot of abstract nouns like in the lectures we have discussed last semester. In translation into Chinese, these abstract nouns should be dealt with carefully, either replacing them with concrete nouns, or using Chinese V-O or S-P phrases. And on the contrary, in translating Chinese into English, these V-O or S-P phrases should be translated into English abstract nouns. The following are some examples and the second translations are preferred. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換[ < ]9. 她心心直直口口快快，，總總是是愿愿意意和和任任何何人人交交朋朋友友，所以很快就贏得了大家的信任。

a.He was very outspoken and was always ready to make friends with anyone, so she won their trust.b.b. His outspokenness and readiness to make friends with anyone soon won their trust.Discussion[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換[ < ]10. 回想起這些事情，使他的生活增添了樂(lè)趣a. To remember these will add zest to his life. b. The remembrance of these will add zest to his life. Discussion[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換[ < ] In addition to the above-mentioned conversions, there are other types of conversions: (1) conversion between Chinese verbs and English adjectives, (2) conversion between Chinese adjectives/adverbs and English nouns, and (3))conversion between Chinese adjectives/adverbs and English nouns. These types of conversion are based on the different syntactic structures of the two languages. The following are some examples to illustrate this point.(B)Conversion between Chinese verbs and English adjectives:(C) Conversion between Chinese Verbs and English adjectives:(D)Conversion between Chinese adjectives/adverbs and English nouns:[4] [5] [6] [7]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin B. Conversion between Chinese verbs and English adjectives: 第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換[ < ]11. 我們決不滿(mǎn)足滿(mǎn)足于現(xiàn)在的成就。

We are not content with our present achievements.12. 懷疑懷疑他所說(shuō)的話(huà)I'm doubtful of what he said.13. 朱總理，中央及有關(guān)部委領(lǐng)導(dǎo)同志，在華外國(guó)專(zhuān)家出席出席了宴會(huì)Present at the banquet were Premier Zhu, leading figures of the central government and the relevant ministries and commissions, and foreign experts working in China. English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  (C). Conversion between Chinese Verbs and English adjectives: 第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換[ < ]14.他在講話(huà)中特別強(qiáng)調(diào)提高強(qiáng)調(diào)提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量He laid special stress on raising the quality of the products in his speech. 15. 鄧小平在“十一大”上說(shuō)：“一定要少說(shuō)空話(huà)，多做工作少說(shuō)空話(huà)，多做工作”。

Deng Xiaoping said at the 11th Party Congress, “There must be less empty talk and more hard work.” (v–n)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換[ < ]16. 空氣是這樣的青香，使人胸脯里感到分外涼爽、舒暢涼爽、舒暢The air was fresh and fragrant; it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.17.我榮幸地榮幸地宣布，李先生就任公司的經(jīng)理I have the honor to inform you that Mr Li will be manager of the company. 18. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題至關(guān)重要重要This issue is of paramount/vital/pivotal importance.(D) Conversion between Chinese adjectives/adverbs and English nouns:English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯[ < ] Both Chinese and English use affirmation and negation to express ideas. However, in bilingual translation, it is always the case that what is affirmative in one language is expressed in the other through negation, and what is negative through affirmation. The change is not unjustified because the version thus translated either conforms to the habitual use of the target language, or is a reinforcement of the intended rhetorical effect. Some simple examples are "Wet paint!" (油漆未干！) and 不好意思！(I'm sorry.). 4. 正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin (1)他安然無(wú)無(wú)恙地回來(lái)了。

2)He returned safe and sound.(3)(2) 據(jù)悉聯(lián)軍給養(yǎng)不足不足4)It is reported that the coalition troops are short of supplies.(5)(3) 他沒(méi)有沒(méi)有再言語(yǔ)，聽(tīng)任老板在那里滔滔不絕滔滔不絕6)Withholding his opinion for the moment, he listened to his boss holding forth. 第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯[ < ]Discussion:滔滔地說(shuō):hold forthdash along;give it mouthget off with a whole skin; keep a whole skin; come unscathed out of the battle; safe and soundEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin (4) 外表往往是靠不住靠不住的Appearances are often deceptive.(5) 美國(guó)不失體面不失體面地接受了這項(xiàng)和平方案。

The U.S.A accepted the peace proposal with dignity.(6) 我完全同意I can't agree with you more.(7) 你們大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了We couldn't be more mistaken. 第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯[ < ]Discussion:English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin (8) 他為這件事竭盡全力竭盡全力He spared no pains doing this.(9) 她對(duì)他百依百順百依百順She denied him nothing.(10) 當(dāng)生活出現(xiàn)小摩擦?xí)r，美國(guó)人并不去并不去考慮是誰(shuí)的責(zé)任，只要給對(duì)方帶來(lái)不方便，都要說(shuō)一聲sorry.When conflict occurs in everyday life, Americans, instead of considering whose responsibility it is, will say sorry, so long as it brings inconvenience to others. 第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯[ < ]百依百順: docile and obedient竭盡全力: by might and main ;came it strong ;come it strong ;go all lengths ;go out for ;go to all lengths ;go to great lengths ;go to the length ;gone it strong ;gone to great lengths ;move heaven and earth ;pack all sail ;pack on all sail; spare no effort;English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  A. 一天男神為了表達(dá)自己的愛(ài)慕之情，特意送了一面又大又亮的神鏡給女神。

女神在接過(guò)神鏡時(shí)，由于心情過(guò)于激動(dòng)，鏡子竟然從她顫抖的手中滑落，掉到山下，碎成了108塊，從此給九寨溝留下了108個(gè)形態(tài)各異、晶晶閃亮的湖泊[Translation] 第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————練習(xí)練習(xí)[ < ] B. 當(dāng)前，我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展又處在一個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期今年要按照統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展的要求，采取更直接、更有力的政策措施，加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)，支持農(nóng)業(yè)，保護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)，努力增加農(nóng)民收入 …… 解決農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村和農(nóng)民問(wèn)題，是我們?nèi)抗ぷ鞯闹刂兄豙Translation]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  A. One day the god presented a big and shiny divine mirror to the goddess as a token of love. The goddess reached out to take the mirror, but she was so excited and nervous that the mirror slipped from her trembling fingers and dropped to the valleys, breaking into 108 pieces. The 108 mirror pieces turned out to be 108 winkling and glittering crystal lakes of different sizes, covering the land of Jiuzhaigou. [Source] 第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————練習(xí)練習(xí)[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  B. Once again, China’s agriculture is in a crucial period of development. This year we must take more direct and effective policies and measures to strengthen, support and protect agriculture and increase rural incomes in line with the need to balance urban and rural development.… Solving problems facing agriculture, rural areas and farmers is a top priority in all our works. [Source] 第五章第五章 句子翻譯（上）句子翻譯（上）————練習(xí)練習(xí)[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Why? 第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————重譯法重譯法[ < ]5. 重譯法（重譯法（Repetition）） Repetition, in a strict sense, belongs to amplification. The only difference is that in repetition what is added is the word or phrase that just appears. Generally speaking, repetition as a translation technique is often used in translation from English to Chinese. In turn, it is seldom used in translation from Chinese to English, for instance: (1). 沉默沉默啊！沉默沉默！不在沉默沉默中爆發(fā)，就在沉默沉默中滅亡。

For emphasis) Version: Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————重譯法重譯法[ < ](2). 孩子孩子就是孩子孩子，不要太認(rèn)真了A Child is a child. Don't be too serious to him. (3). 你答應(yīng)了幫助幫助他就應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助幫助他You should help him since you have promised to do so.(4). "媽?zhuān)瑒e聽(tīng)王奶奶的！王奶奶是個(gè)老頑固！” "Ma, don't listen to Granny Wang; she's a diehard”English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法[ < ]6. 6. 語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法 (The Change of Voices)(The Change of Voices) It is generally acknowledged that the frequent use of passive voice is a unique characteristic of the English language compared with Chinese. In fact, passive voice in Chinese always connotes a somewhat negative or unfavorable meaning. This is embodied in such expressions as 他被殺了；他被人打了；錢(qián)被他偷了；這話(huà)偏偏又叫我聽(tīng)到了；好象活人得讓死人管著似得；再哭！一家人都給你哭完了. Of course, due to the influence of English on Chinese in the modern ages, modern Chinese passive voice may not necessarily carry such derogative meanings.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法[ < ] English uses more passive voice either to achieve objectivity, avoid the mentioning of the actor. Generally speaking, many English passive sentences can be translated into Chinese active ones and vice versa. Discussion:a)Passive voice in Chinese is indicated by such words as 被，叫，讓?zhuān)o，受，遭，遭受，由，加以，為，所，為……所，受到. These can be called Chinese passive voice markers. b)In Chinese, there are a lot of sentences that are active in form but passive in meaning. For instance, 飛鳥(niǎo)盡，良弓藏；電影明天還要放映. These sentences are called by some as 當(dāng)然被動(dòng)句.c)In Chinese, passive voice is relatively fewer and it is always compared with 把 structure, something we will discuss in later chapters. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法[ < ](1)The plan will be carried out next week. (2)計(jì)劃下周執(zhí)行。

3)(2) His novel has already been translated into many languages.(4)他的小說(shuō)已經(jīng)譯成了好幾種語(yǔ)言5)(3) The man cannot be relied upon. (6)那人不可信 (1) It is asserted/believed that…有人主張/相信……(2) It is generally considered that…大家認(rèn)為……(3) It will be said that…有人會(huì)說(shuō)……(4) It was told that… 有人曾經(jīng)說(shuō)…… Discussion:[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法[ < ] (4). 鼎湖山整個(gè)地區(qū)為為熱帶、亞熱帶森林所所覆蓋，氣候獨(dú)特Dinghu Mountain is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has a unique climate. (5). 又一座立交橋?qū)⒂谀甑淄ㄜ?chē)。

當(dāng)然被動(dòng)句)Another flyover will be opened to traffic by the end of this year. (6). 據(jù)說(shuō)據(jù)說(shuō)，核電站正在籌建中 It is said that nuclear power plants are under preparation for construction. (7). 他們今年遭遭災(zāi)了They were hit by a natural calamity this year. Discussion:[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法[ < ]Discussion: Here are some Chinese subjectless sentences. They can be translated into English passive sentences.(8). 必須保證8小時(shí)睡眠Eight hours' sleep must be guaranteed.(9).弄的不好，就會(huì)前功盡棄。

If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost. (10). 橘子蘋(píng)果買(mǎi)了一大堆A pile of oranges and apples has been bought. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————無(wú)主句的譯法無(wú)主句的譯法[ < ]7. 7. 無(wú)主句譯法無(wú)主句譯法 Chinese and English have different systems of subjects and predicates. Subjects in English are usually assumed by nouns, noun phrases or structures that have similar functions like nominal clauses, but in Chinese by a lot of other elements. The following is a list of the elements that act as subjects in Chinese. More can be got in the Note.(1)nouns or noun phrases as subjects (2) 春天春天過(guò)去了。

一本一本五毛錢(qián)工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)得到了大發(fā)展長(zhǎng)江一帶長(zhǎng)江一帶是水稻產(chǎn)區(qū)3)(2) verbs or verb phrases as subjects (4)說(shuō)說(shuō)比做容易堅(jiān)持下去堅(jiān)持下去就是順利專(zhuān)心地聽(tīng)專(zhuān)心地聽(tīng)才能聽(tīng)懂 吃苦吃苦，他不怕5) (3) Adjectives or adjective phrases as subjects (6)勤儉勤儉是一種美德甜滋滋的甜滋滋的，挺好吃[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————無(wú)主句的譯法無(wú)主句的譯法[ < ] A. Adding subjects: Since an English sentence usually requires a subject, the translator can add the subject that is omitted in the Chinese original when he translates a Chinese subjectless sentence. For instance,(1) 你一旦開(kāi)始，就必須繼續(xù)下去。

Once you begin, you must continue. （amplification)(2)活到老，學(xué)到老One is never too old to learn. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————無(wú)主句的譯法無(wú)主句的譯法[ < ] B. Using the empty subject “it”: “It” in English is always used for weather, time, and some other natural phenomena. Some of the Chinese subjectless sentences describing natural phenomena or time can be translated into English sentences with “it” being the subject. (3) 十點(diǎn)鐘了，他還沒(méi)有回來(lái)It's ten o'clock now. He didn't return home yet.(4) 下雨了，我們快走吧。

It's raining now; let's hurry up. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————無(wú)主句的譯法無(wú)主句的譯法[ < ]C. Translating into English passive sentences (5).必須保重產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量The quality of product must be guaranteed.(6). 去年發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種稀有元素A rare element was found last year.(7).封面上印著一個(gè)獵人的像The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————無(wú)主句的譯法無(wú)主句的譯法[ < ]D. Translating into English “There be” or “It+be…+to…” structure(9). 現(xiàn)在很難說(shuō)誰(shuí)對(duì)誰(shuí)錯(cuò)。

At the moment it is difficult to tell who is right and who is wrong. (10).除了槍聲，再?zèng)]有其他聲音了There was no sound but that of gunfire.(11).在經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的實(shí)踐中，已經(jīng)涌現(xiàn)了大批的優(yōu)秀人才There have emerged a large number of talented persons in economic construction.(12).不努力就不會(huì)成功There is no success without effort. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————無(wú)主句的譯法無(wú)主句的譯法[ < ]E. Translating into English imperative sentences (13).請(qǐng)大聲點(diǎn)！Louder, please. 此處不準(zhǔn)抽煙！No smoking!(14).中華人民共和國(guó)萬(wàn)歲！Long live the People's Republic of China!(15). 忠誠(chéng)黨的教育事業(yè)。

Be loyal to the Party's educational cause.(16). 對(duì)什么人說(shuō)什么話(huà)Speak different words to different people. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————翻譯練習(xí)翻譯練習(xí)[ < ] 中美兩國(guó)的社會(huì)制度和對(duì)外政策有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別但是，雙方同意，各國(guó)不論社會(huì)制度如何，都應(yīng)根據(jù)尊重各國(guó)的主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整、不侵犯別國(guó)、不干涉別國(guó)內(nèi)政、平等互利、和平共處的原則來(lái)處理國(guó)與國(guó)之間的關(guān)系國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端應(yīng)在此基礎(chǔ)上與以解決，而不訴諸武力和武力威脅[Translation] 術(shù)語(yǔ)：對(duì)外政策：foreign affairs 主權(quán)：sovereignty 領(lǐng)土完整：territorial integrity 內(nèi)政： internal affairs 和平共處：peaceful coexistence爭(zhēng)端：disputeEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第六章第六章 句子翻譯（下）句子翻譯（下）————翻譯練習(xí)翻譯練習(xí)[ < ] There are essential differences between China and the United States in their social systems and foreign policies. However, the two sides have agreed that countries, regardless of their social systems, should conduct their relations on the principles of respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, non-aggression against other states, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. International disputes should be settled on this basis, without resorting to the use or the threat of force. [Source]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)[ < ] 以傳播中國(guó)文化，吸引游客，促進(jìn)中國(guó)旅游業(yè)為宗旨，本著以中國(guó)文化為取向，以譯文為重點(diǎn)的翻譯原則，旅游資料的翻譯就應(yīng)該有針對(duì)性和靈活性，不能死扣原文，亦步亦趨，而是要在不影響原文思想表達(dá)的前提下，對(duì)原文作適當(dāng)?shù)脑鰟h等必要的調(diào)整，力圖達(dá)到語(yǔ)言具體生動(dòng)，語(yǔ)法簡(jiǎn)單明了，表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔傳神。

翻譯方法：翻譯方法： 1. 景景點(diǎn)點(diǎn)名名稱(chēng)稱(chēng) (直譯、意譯、音譯、音譯加直譯、直譯加音譯、意譯加直譯等幾種)……其指導(dǎo)原則應(yīng)是始終以傳播中國(guó)文化為取向常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯——旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)[ < ] A. 故宮里面幾個(gè)主要宮殿的名稱(chēng)歷來(lái)有多種譯法，有的是完全音譯，有的音譯和意譯結(jié)合，還有的完全意譯1太和殿太和殿 --- Taihedian; Taihedian Hall; Hall of Supreme Harmony2中和殿中和殿 --- Zhonghedian; Zhonghedian Hall; Hall of Complete Harmony3保和殿保和殿 --- Baohedian; Baohedian Hall; Hall of Preserving Harmony4 文華殿文華殿 --- Wenhuadian; Wenhua Hall; Hall of Literary Glory5 武英殿武英殿 --- Wuyingdian; Wuying Hall; Hall of Military Prowess6 乾清宮乾清宮 --- Qianqinggong; Qianqinggong Palace; Hall of Heavenly Purity7 交泰殿交泰殿 --- Jiaotaidian; Jiaotaidian Hall; Palace of Union and Peace8 坤寧宮坤寧宮 --- Kunninggong; Kunninggong Palace; Palace of Earthly TranquilityEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)B. 完全音譯的方法適用于行政區(qū)劃名稱(chēng)如城市、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、縣城、村莊等的翻譯,北京（Beijing）八達(dá)嶺(Badaling)北戴河(Beidaihe)、西安(Xi’an)長(zhǎng)安(Changan)臨潼(Lintong) 在這個(gè)原則的指導(dǎo)下，“銀川”只能譯成Yinchuan,而不能譯作Silver Stream; 同樣，長(zhǎng)安只能是Changan, 而不是Everlasting Peace。

[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)C. 音意雙譯一般都采用專(zhuān)名音譯，通名意譯的方法，牽涉到歷史上和傳說(shuō)中的人物時(shí)，尤其如此茅盾故居(Mao Dun’s Former Residence)杜甫草堂（Dufu’s Thatched Cottage）[ < ]Tips: 桂林山水甲天下Guilin’s mountains and waters rank first in China.上有天堂，下有蘇杭In heaven is paradise; on earth are Suzhou and Hangzhou./ Above is paradise, below are hangzhou and Suzhou.見(jiàn)識(shí)廣須旅游He that travels much knows much.世界環(huán)境和資源委員會(huì) World Environment and Resources Council國(guó)家旅游度假區(qū) National Tourist and Holiday Resort AreaEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)D. 許多山河湖海的名稱(chēng)也多采用此譯法。

這里牽扯到譯名統(tǒng)一的問(wèn)題很多譯家都贊成這樣的做法：如果景點(diǎn)名稱(chēng)屬于漢語(yǔ)的“單名”，為照顧音韻，應(yīng)將通名音譯出來(lái)，太湖 (Taihu Lake)黃山(Huangshan Mountain)華山（Huashan Mountain） 豫園(Yuyuan Garden) 如果是“雙名”，則不必將湖、山、海、園等詞音譯出來(lái)普陀山（Putuo Mountain） 峨嵋山（Emei Mountain)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)E. 完全意譯對(duì)保留原文形象及文化、歷史內(nèi)涵至關(guān)重要，如以上所列舉的故宮景點(diǎn)名稱(chēng)的意譯 “三潭印月”（Three Pools Mirroring the Moon）“紫來(lái)洞”（Purple Source Cave）“寒山寺”（ Cold Mountain Temple）“拙政園”（Garden of Humble Administrator）“獅子林”（Lions Grove） “鷹嘴巖” ??English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)[ < ]2. 2. 景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯法之一景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯法之一————增添增添A. 路左有一巨石，石上原有蘇東坡手書(shū)路左有一巨石，石上原有蘇東坡手書(shū)“云外流春云外流春”四個(gè)大字。

四個(gè)大字B.To its left is another rock formerly engraved with four big Chinese characters Yun Wai liu Chun (Beyond clouds and flows spring) written by Su Dongpo (1037—1101), the most versatile poet of the Northern Song Dynasty (960 ---1127).B. 林邊有一個(gè)洞，叫白龍洞傳說(shuō)林邊有一個(gè)洞，叫白龍洞傳說(shuō)《《白蛇傳白蛇傳》》的白娘子曾經(jīng)在的白娘子曾經(jīng)在這里修煉這里修煉Near the forest is the White Dragon Cave which is said to be the very place where Lady White, the legendary heroine of The Story of the White Snake, cultivated herself according to Buddhist doctrine.增添理解原文內(nèi)容所必需的背景知識(shí)，如：歷史事件發(fā)生的年代，名人的生卒年代，他們的身份及其在歷史上的貢獻(xiàn)，名勝的具體位置等等。

旅游資源除了其本身的自然景觀所具有的欣賞價(jià)值外，大多含有豐富的文化內(nèi)涵，從而產(chǎn)生了特殊的欣賞價(jià)值不增添背景信息，一般外國(guó)游客則無(wú)法理解English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)[ < ]C. 紹興是越瓷的產(chǎn)地紹興是越瓷的產(chǎn)地 Shaoxing is the home of Yue Porcelain. Yue is a state name used to refer to the Shaoxing region in Ancient China. 如果不增加說(shuō)明，外國(guó)游客不知這種瓷器為什么叫越瓷，更不知紹興和“越”有何關(guān)系English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)[ < ]3. 景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯法之二景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯法之二——解釋解釋 花港觀魚(yú)：Hua Gang Guan Yu (Viewing Fish at Flower Harbor) 孤山: Gushan (Solitary Hill) 湖南省位于長(zhǎng)江中下游南部，東經(jīng)108度至114度，北緯24至30度。

因地處洞庭湖之南，所以叫做湖南Huan Province lies just south of the middle reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River between 108 and 114 E longitude and 24 and 30 N latitude. As it is also situated (at/in the) south of Lake Dongting, the Province has the name Huan, which means “south of the lake”.English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)4. 景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯法之三景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯法之三——借用借用5. 景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯法之四景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯法之四——?jiǎng)h減刪減6. 景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯法之五景點(diǎn)介紹翻譯法之五——改寫(xiě)改寫(xiě) A. 對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的改寫(xiě)對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的改寫(xiě) 在在四四川川西西部部，，有有一一處處美美妙妙的的去去處處它它背背倚倚岷岷山山主主峰峰雪雪寶寶頂頂，，樹(shù)樹(shù)木木蒼蒼翠翠，，花花香香襲襲人人，，鳥(niǎo)鳥(niǎo)語(yǔ)語(yǔ)婉婉轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)，，流流水水潺潺潺潺。

這這就就是是松松潘潘縣縣的的黃龍 1One of Sichuan’s finest scenic spots is Huanglong (Yellow Dragon), which lies in Songpan County just beneath Xuebao, the main peak of the Minshan Mountain. 2Its lush green forests, filled with fragrant flowers, bubbling streams, and songbirds, are rich in historical interest as well as natural beauty.[ < ]潺潺潺潺: flow slowly; gurgle;babbleEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————旅游景點(diǎn)旅游景點(diǎn)B. 對(duì)詩(shī)詞的改寫(xiě)：對(duì)詩(shī)詞的改寫(xiě)： 水映山容，使山容益添秀媚，山清水秀，使水能更顯柔情， 有詩(shī)云：岸上湖中各自奇，山觴水酌兩相宜。

只言游舫渾如畫(huà)，身在畫(huà)中原不知The hills overshadow the lake, and the lake reflects the hills. They are in perfect harmony , and more beautiful than a picture. 譯文省略了原文那首詩(shī)，用明白曉暢，淺顯易懂的兩句話(huà)概括了原詩(shī)的中心思想[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————?dú)g迎詞、祝詞歡迎詞、祝詞[ < ]常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯——?dú)g迎詞歡迎詞Ａ. 女士們，先生們: 請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我向我們的美國(guó)朋友講幾句話(huà)我謹(jǐn)代表康定外辦向你們表示熱烈的歡迎，感謝你們光臨今晚的宴會(huì)中國(guó)有句古話(huà)“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái)不亦樂(lè)乎？”正如你們所知，中國(guó)是一個(gè)具有悠久歷史和文化的國(guó)家，在康定期間你們將有機(jī)會(huì)欣賞到這座歷史古城的面貌，了解她的人民以及她聞名的文化，我預(yù)祝你 們 的 訪 問(wèn) 成 功 我 提 議 ， 為 中 美 兩 國(guó) 人 民 的 友 誼 干 杯 [Translation]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————?dú)g迎詞歡迎詞[ < ]Ladies and gentlemen, Allow me to say a few words of welcome to our American friends. On behalf of the Kangding Foreign Affairs Office and my colleges, I would like to extend a warm welcome to all the guests present here. Thank you for your presence at this banquet. There is a popular saying in China: “ Isn’t it a great pleasure to have friends from afar?” as you know, China is great country with a long history and ancient culture. While you are staying here in Kangding, you will have an opportunity to visit the historical sights of this city, you may get to know its people and its well-known culture. I wish your visit a great success. Here now I would like to propose a toast: to the friendship of the Chinese and American peoples, lets bottoms up! [Source]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————?dú)g迎詞、歡送詞歡迎詞、歡送詞[ < ]B. 中秋賀詞（練習(xí)） 各位女士、各位先生: 晚上好! 今天，能邀請(qǐng)大家歡聚一堂，共同歡度中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日——中秋佳節(jié)的到來(lái)，感到非常高興和十分榮幸。

我代表賓館全體員工對(duì)大家的光臨，表示熱烈的歡迎 “月到中秋分外明”、“每逢佳節(jié)倍思親”，中秋節(jié)在中國(guó)文化中意味著思念和團(tuán)聚，大家無(wú)論來(lái)自何方，思念家鄉(xiāng)、思念親人的心情是共同的賓館舉辦這場(chǎng)中秋PARTY，就是希望大家能把賓館當(dāng)成自己的家，賓館員工也會(huì)把你們當(dāng)作自己的親人，使大家每天都能生活在幸福和愉快之中 最后，讓我門(mén)一起舉杯，遙祝遠(yuǎn)方的親人平安健康，也祝愿我們?cè)谧母魑弧星锛压?jié)快樂(lè)! [Translation]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Ladies and gentlemen: Good evening! Today, we are so honored that we can invite all of you get together here to enjoy the Chinese traditional festival, the Mid-Autumn Day. So please let me represent all the staffs to express our warm welcome. “The moon is more shining on the Mid-Autumn Day.” “People may miss their families more on every festive day”. In Chinese culture, on Mid-Autumn Day the family members should reunite and give the best wishes to the relatives and friends who can not be with us. Wherever you come from, we have the same feeling of missing our families and friends. The purpose of holding the party is to make you feel at home. Every staff working in our hotel is willing to be your friend, and wish you be happy and pleasure everyday. At last, let’s toast the health of our families and friends, as well as everybody here. Happy Mid-Autumn Day! [Source] 第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————?dú)g迎詞、歡送詞歡迎詞、歡送詞[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————廣告的翻譯廣告的翻譯[ < ] Advertisement is a kind of comprehensive art. Translators of advertisements are expected to have a good command of both English and Chinese so as to obtain wonderful, accurate, vivid, concise, distinct and appealing advertisements. This lecture probes into five common strategies of advertisement translation for the detail study.常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯—— 廣告翻譯廣告翻譯1.直譯法（Literal Translation）2.意譯法（Free Translation）3.創(chuàng)譯法（Creative Translation）4.增補(bǔ)型翻譯（Supplementary Translation）5.套譯法（Parody）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin ?中英文廣告翻譯中的文化比較?注意文化背景的差異： “龍”、“喜鵲(magpie）” “Fortune Duck”?要避免商標(biāo)歧義： “白象”（White Elephant) 、“帆船” (Junk) 、“紫羅蘭” （Pansy） 芳草牌牙膏（Fang-cao Brand Tooth Paste）?要了解商品的特性,注意譯文的信息傳遞功能： “Johnson’s” (約翰遜）、“Whisper” 第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————廣告的翻譯廣告的翻譯[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————廣告的翻譯廣告的翻譯[ < ](1)美女話(huà)西施,美酒推靈芝。

2) 譯文:As the Emperor’s favorite , Xi Shi was the most beautiful of woman , so is Lingzhi Medicated Liquor the most beautiful of wines. 該廣告詞以美酒喻美女,創(chuàng)意新穎,意境優(yōu)美,具有強(qiáng)烈的美感功能和移情功能譯文巧妙地以解釋性語(yǔ)言概括出了廣告的信息功能, 同時(shí), 通過(guò)“the most beautiful ofwoman”和“the most beautiful of wines”之對(duì)比, 以及“woman”和“wines”之頭韻,在強(qiáng)調(diào)了產(chǎn)品特點(diǎn)的同時(shí),彌補(bǔ)了廣告的美感功能因此,譯文雖略顯累贅,但還是較完整地再現(xiàn)了原文的各項(xiàng)功能English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————廣告的翻譯廣告的翻譯[ < ]討論：貨比三家，下手在這家Shop around to have a good buy in this store. 波導(dǎo)——手機(jī)中的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)Bird handsets—as powerful as fighters.默默無(wú) “蚊”的奉獻(xiàn) The silent offer to you without one ‘mosquito’. 成功之路，從‘頭’開(kāi)始。

Start ahead.English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————廣告的翻譯廣告的翻譯[ < ]?直譯法（直譯法（Literal Translation））1.眉筆像花瓣一樣柔和眉筆廣告）Our eyebrow pencils are as soft as petals.2.中國(guó)河南——功夫的搖籃河南旅游廣告）Henan in China— the cradle of Chinese martial arts.3.No problem too large. No business too small.（IBM）沒(méi)有解決不了的大問(wèn)題，沒(méi)有不做的小生意4. Unlike me，my Rolex never needs a rest.（勞力克斯手表）與我不同，勞力克斯從不需要休息English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————廣告的翻譯廣告的翻譯[ < ]?意譯法（Free Translation）5.Every time a good time.（McDonald’s）分分秒秒歡聚歡笑。

麥當(dāng)勞）6. Everything is extraordinary. Everything tempts.（Cartier） 直譯：一切都很出名，一切都很誘人 意譯：件件超凡脫俗，樣樣新穎誘人亞地亞飾品）7. Cooking Without Looking.（Minute Rice）轉(zhuǎn)眼就熟迷你米飯） （曾暉、張志儒，《試評(píng)幾則英 文廣告的翻譯》）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————廣告的翻譯廣告的翻譯[ < ]?創(chuàng)譯法（Creative Translation）8. Good to the last drop!（雀巢咖啡） （李克興，《論廣告翻譯的策略》）滴滴香濃，意猶未盡！9. It happens at the Hilton.（Hilton）希爾頓酒店有求必應(yīng) （李克興，《論廣告翻譯的策略》）10. Connecting People.（Nokia） （李克興，《論廣告翻譯的策略》）科技以人為本諾基亞）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————廣告的翻譯廣告的翻譯[ < ]?增補(bǔ)型翻譯（Supplementary Translation）11.Beyond your imagination.（Korean Air）意想不到的天空。

韓國(guó)航空） （李克興，《論廣告翻譯的策略》）12.Elegance is an attitude.（Longines）優(yōu)雅態(tài)度 真我性格 （浪琴表） （李克興，《論廣告翻譯的策略》）13. Your Future is Our Future.（HSBC）與您并肩 邁向明天 匯豐銀行）（李克興，《論廣告翻譯的策略》）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————廣告的翻譯廣告的翻譯[ < ]?套譯法（Parody）14.一天一塊瑪斯巧克力，讓您工作像工作，娛樂(lè)像娛樂(lè)A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play.（Mars chocolate）15.煙蒂好，煙就好孟琳，詹晶輝，《英漢廣告中雙關(guān)語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用技巧及翻譯》）All is well that ends well.16. Better late than the late. （交通公益廣告）晚了總比完了好English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————廣告的翻譯廣告的翻譯[ < ]17.有目共賞。

上海牌電視機(jī)）Shanghai TV— Seeing is believing. （謝小瓊，《論商業(yè)廣告的翻譯技巧》18. 條條大路通羅馬，款款百羚進(jìn)萬(wàn)家百羚餐具）All roads lead to Rome，All Bailing lead to home. （謝小瓊，《論商業(yè)廣告的翻譯技巧》）19.速效救心丸藥品）A friend in need is a friend indeed.?套譯法（Parody）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯———— 練習(xí)練習(xí)[ < ]例1：尊敬的主席先生，各位來(lái)賓，女士們，先生們，朋友們： 1在這春意盎然的美好時(shí)節(jié)，第八屆中國(guó)東西部合作與投資貿(mào)易洽談會(huì)今天隆重開(kāi)幕了2在此，我謹(jǐn)代表組委會(huì)和陜西省政府向蒞臨大會(huì)的國(guó)內(nèi)外嘉賓、國(guó)家有關(guān)部委、各省區(qū)市區(qū)代表團(tuán)，表示熱烈的歡迎和衷心的祝愿3同時(shí)歡迎港澳臺(tái)同胞和各界朋友參加這次重要的全國(guó)性經(jīng)貿(mào)盛會(huì)4讓我們共同預(yù)祝第八屆中國(guó)東西部合作與投資洽談會(huì)取得圓滿(mǎn)成功！謝謝大家！[Version] English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————練習(xí)練習(xí)[ < ]Respected Mr. Chairman, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, all the dear friends, In this beautiful spring season, the Eighth Investment and Trade Forum for Cooperation between East and West China is grandly opened today. On behalf of the current forum’s organizing committee and the People’s Government of Shaanxi Province, I’d like to extend our warm welcome and wholehearted wishes to all the honored guests at home and broad, delegates from participant ministries and commissions, provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. I’d also like to extend the warm welcome to compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan as well as friends of various circles present at this important national economic and trade gathering. Let us wish the Eighth Investment and Trade Forum for Cooperation between East and West China a complete success! Thank you all! [Original]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 例2-1： 我懷著愉快的心情，以我個(gè)人的名義，向光臨悉尼農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)展覽會(huì)的中國(guó)來(lái)賓，表示熱烈的歡迎。

I am delighted to extend this personal welcome to Chinese visitors to the Sydney Agricultural Technology Exhibition. 我們?cè)谶@里向中國(guó)朋友全面展示我國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)成就，并介紹我們所能提供的先進(jìn)的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)Here we present to our Chinese friends a comprehensive display of Austrian agricultural achievements and advanced technology in farming that we have to offer. 第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————練習(xí)練習(xí)[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  例2-2：我非常珍視澳中兩國(guó)在貿(mào)易合作中發(fā)展起來(lái)的友誼和建立起來(lái)的信心I greatly value the friendship and confidence that we enjoy as your trading partner. 我確信，這次展覽會(huì)將進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作，并直接對(duì)擴(kuò)大我們之間的貿(mào)易往來(lái)作出貢獻(xiàn)。

I am certain that this exhibition will strengthen our economic cooperation and contribution directly to our further trade expansion. 第七章第七章 常見(jiàn)文體翻譯常見(jiàn)文體翻譯————練習(xí)練習(xí)[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第第八八章章 常見(jiàn)常見(jiàn)漢譯英錯(cuò)誤例析漢譯英錯(cuò)誤例析[ < ] There are many factors to translate the sentences unfaithfully from Chinese into English. But the basic reasons are the following: (1) the SS do not have a good command of English ( grammatical and cultural knowledge, etc. ) , do not have more opportunities to do translation, although they have been familiar with some translation techniques; (2) the SS usually render the sentences from the perspective of Chinese thinking modes; for example: ?1. 歡迎你來(lái)參家英語(yǔ)角活動(dòng)！ Welcome you to join our English Corner activities! (X) ? 2.不要搞一刀切。

Do not cut off at one stroke. (X) Do not impose uniformity in all case.（√）生搬硬套性錯(cuò)誤生搬硬套性錯(cuò)誤English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin ?3. 熱烈歡迎國(guó)內(nèi)外嘉賓參加貿(mào)易洽談會(huì)Warmly welcome all guest of honor at home and broad to attend this symposium. (X) ?4. 對(duì)不起，我沒(méi)看見(jiàn)你Sorry I don’t see you. ( X) ?5. 從圖書(shū)館借來(lái)的那本書(shū)已經(jīng)找到The book which was borrowed from the library had been found. (X)?6. 從山頂看下去，這座城市就像個(gè)漂亮的花園Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks like a beautiful garden. 第第八八章章 常見(jiàn)常見(jiàn)漢譯英錯(cuò)誤例析漢譯英錯(cuò)誤例析[ < ]邏輯性錯(cuò)誤邏輯性錯(cuò)誤English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第第八八章章 常見(jiàn)常見(jiàn)漢譯英錯(cuò)誤例析漢譯英錯(cuò)誤例析[ < ]?7. 我能看出你的心事。

I can see you your mind.?8. 從他的話(huà)音里，我能聽(tīng)出東西來(lái)I can hear something from the tone of his voice.?9. 我們享受公費(fèi)醫(yī)療We enjoy free medical care.n10. 他對(duì)中學(xué)教師講授教學(xué)法He lectured teaching method of English to high school teachers.語(yǔ)義性錯(cuò)誤語(yǔ)義性錯(cuò)誤 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin  第第八八章章 常見(jiàn)常見(jiàn)漢譯英錯(cuò)誤例析漢譯英錯(cuò)誤例析[ < ]1.昨晚我接到了她的電話(huà)2. I received a telephone from her last night.3.2. 我覺(jué)得這樣做是我的本分4. I think to do so is my duty.5.3. 笨人無(wú)藥可醫(yī)6. There is no medicine to cure a fool.7.4. 貓把家里的老鼠一掃而光8. The cat cleared off rats from the house.5.兔子的耳朵比貓貓長(zhǎng)。

6. The ears of a hare are longer than that of a cat.ProofreadingProofreadingEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 以入世為契機(jī)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大對(duì)外開(kāi)放　　本報(bào)評(píng)論員　　 12月11日，我國(guó)正式成為世界貿(mào)易組織成員這是我國(guó)改革開(kāi)放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的歷史必然，也是進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)全方位、多層次、寬領(lǐng)域?qū)ν忾_(kāi)放的重要契機(jī)，對(duì)我國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展將具有深遠(yuǎn)的影響　　加入世貿(mào)組織后，我國(guó)將在更大范圍和更深程度上參與經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化，因此，要以加入世貿(mào)組織為契機(jī)，進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大對(duì)外開(kāi)放，贏得發(fā)展，爭(zhēng)取主動(dòng)，這也是明年我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)工作的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容當(dāng)前，各地區(qū)、各部門(mén)和各行業(yè)要按照中央的部署統(tǒng)一思想，根據(jù)世貿(mào)組織的有關(guān)規(guī)則和我國(guó)的承諾，認(rèn)真分析研究加入世貿(mào)組織對(duì)我國(guó)的各種影響，及時(shí)提出有針對(duì)性的措施，既要敢于開(kāi)放市場(chǎng)，又要善于保護(hù)自己　　各級(jí)干部尤其是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部，首先要學(xué)習(xí)并熟悉世貿(mào)組織的基本原則和有關(guān)規(guī)則，結(jié)合我國(guó)實(shí)際，加快過(guò)渡期的有關(guān)政策調(diào)整和涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)法律法規(guī)的清理、修訂、廢止工作，建立健全符合世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則又符合我國(guó)國(guó)情的涉外法律法規(guī)體系。

要盡快轉(zhuǎn)變政府管理經(jīng)濟(jì)的方式，增強(qiáng)政策的統(tǒng)一性和透明度，提高按國(guó)際通行規(guī)則辦事的能力要加緊建立產(chǎn)業(yè)安全保障體系，加快修訂和完善質(zhì)量、衛(wèi)生、防疫、環(huán)保、安全等方面的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，充分運(yùn)用反傾銷(xiāo)、反補(bǔ)貼和保障措施等各類(lèi)企業(yè)應(yīng)增強(qiáng)緊迫感和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)意識(shí)，利用過(guò)渡期加快技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)，提高質(zhì)量，改善服務(wù)，擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)占有率要強(qiáng)化世貿(mào)組織有關(guān)知識(shí)和規(guī)則的普及、宣傳，抓緊培養(yǎng)和造就一支精通國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)和法律的人才隊(duì)伍　　我們要以加入世貿(mào)組織為新的起點(diǎn)，努力提高開(kāi)放水平要充分利用加入世貿(mào)組織的有利條件，實(shí)施多元化戰(zhàn)略，千方百計(jì)擴(kuò)大出口在確保傳統(tǒng)出口市場(chǎng)的同時(shí)，積極開(kāi)拓新興出口市場(chǎng)，大力推進(jìn)市場(chǎng)多元化繼續(xù)深化外貿(mào)體制改革，著力培育新的出口增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)，促進(jìn)外貿(mào)經(jīng)營(yíng)主體的多元化繼續(xù)推動(dòng)“走出去”，鼓勵(lì)具備條件的國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)到境外投資開(kāi)發(fā)和承包工程以及勞務(wù)合作業(yè)務(wù)，以對(duì)外投資帶動(dòng)國(guó)內(nèi)設(shè)備、材料及勞務(wù)等出口，實(shí)現(xiàn)出口方式的多元化加強(qiáng)與國(guó)外的能源合作，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)重要戰(zhàn)略物資進(jìn)口渠道的多元化按照世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則，健全和完善進(jìn)口管理體制另外，要抓住加入世貿(mào)組織的機(jī)會(huì)，提高利用外資水平要把吸收外資同國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)、地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展、國(guó)有企業(yè)改組改造和擴(kuò)大出口緊密結(jié)合起來(lái)。

進(jìn)一步改善投資環(huán)境特別是軟環(huán)境，保持吸收外商投資政策的穩(wěn)定性和連續(xù)性，加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)，增強(qiáng)我國(guó)對(duì)外商投資的吸引力積極促進(jìn)外資流向高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，鼓勵(lì)跨國(guó)公司來(lái)華設(shè)立研發(fā)中心和地區(qū)總部逐步擴(kuò)大金融、保險(xiǎn)、商貿(mào)、旅游、中介及其他服務(wù)業(yè)的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入，同時(shí)要研究開(kāi)放后的新情況，解決新問(wèn)題，使之健康有序地發(fā)展中國(guó)作為世貿(mào)組織新的成員，將會(huì)在世貿(mào)組織中與其他成員一道為促進(jìn)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，建立和完善多邊貿(mào)易體制，發(fā)揮積極和建設(shè)性作用　　今后一段時(shí)期，是我國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)第三步戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，也是做好加入世貿(mào)組織各項(xiàng)工作的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期面對(duì)加入世貿(mào)組織的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)，我們有信心也有決心，積極應(yīng)對(duì)，趨利避害，我們一定能夠正確把握機(jī)遇，從容應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)，以嶄新的姿態(tài)迎接對(duì)外開(kāi)放新階段的到來(lái)，推動(dòng)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)健康快速發(fā)展，為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展作出自己的貢獻(xiàn) 《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》 (2001年12月11日第一版)附件：翻譯練習(xí)：[ < ]English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin ——The End——English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 。