分詞用法歸類一、形 式△ 現(xiàn)在分詞： 主動形式 被動形式一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done△??? 過去分詞只有一種形式二、 功 能1．作表語2．作定語3．作狀語4．作賓語補足語5. 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式和被動形式6. 獨立結構1．作表語現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征或屬性；過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，如： The news was exciting. The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He seemed quite delighted at the idea. Don’t get excited.注①：已經(jīng)成為形容詞的分詞，可以用 very 修飾；沒有完全成為形容詞的分詞宜用 much 或 quite，有時也可用very much，如： I’m very much pleased. He’s very much worried about his health.注②：過去分詞作表語時，應注意與被動結構的區(qū)別。

系表結構說明主語的狀態(tài)或具有的性質、特點；被動結構強調謂語動作，指主語所承受的動作此外還有：系表結構：a. 常用一般現(xiàn)在或一般過去時態(tài)；b. 一般不帶狀語； c. 可以有不及物動詞的過去分詞被動結構：a. 有多種時態(tài)，常與主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)一致；b. 可以帶時 間、方式或 by 短語作狀語；c. 必須是及物動詞 The small village is surrounded by trees. (狀態(tài)) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (動作) I’m interested in chess. I was interested by what you told me. The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 2．作定語： ①?單獨作定語，應放在被修飾的名詞之前，如： touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.注：分詞作定語時，意義上接近于一個定語從句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated ② 在更多情況下，可以用分詞短語作定語，這時分詞短語應放在被修飾的名詞之后，在意義上也相當于一個定語從句，如： Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? ③ 作定語的現(xiàn)在分詞（和修飾的名詞有主謂關系，）所表示的動作發(fā)生的時間有兩種情況：a. 表示正在進行的動作, (變?yōu)閺木鋾r要用進行時態(tài)), 如： Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?b. 表示經(jīng)常性的動作, 或現(xiàn)在 (或當時) 的狀態(tài), (變?yōu)閺木鋾r, 用一般時態(tài)), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955.④ 過去分詞作定語時，過去分詞所表示的動作可以在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，也可以是沒有一定的時間性，如A及物動詞的過去分詞表示“結束了的被動動作”或者沒有一定的時間性,只表示“被動關系”。

polluted water = water which is polluted reserved seats = the seats which were reserved trapped animal = the animal which was trappedB不及物動詞的過去分詞不表被動，只表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，含有“動作完成，動作結束”之含義boiled water = water which has boiled fallen leaves = the leaves which have fallen risen sun = the sun which has risenIs this the book recommended by our teacher? The meeting held last week is very important. He is a man loved by all. I hate to see letters written in pencil. 注①：如果所表示的動作現(xiàn)刻正在發(fā)生，或是與謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式來表示，如： The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.注②：如果所表示的是一個未來的動作，可以用一個不定式的被動形式來表示，如： The meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting.⑤ 分詞還可以作非限制性定語（相當于一個非限制性定語從句），這時，它和句子的其他部分用逗號隔開，試比較： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister.⑥ 本節(jié)值得注意的問題：現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時，所表示的動作不能先于謂語所表示的動作，也不可以表示將來。

另外，一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作定語，所以，下列句子都是錯的： Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (應改為who has come from Beijing) Those having finished their work can go home now. (應改為who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (應改為who gave us)⑦ 系動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式不可用作后置定語，此時要用從句來表示，如： Those being busy don’t have to go. (應改為Those who are busy don’t have to go.) His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (應改為who is) ⑧ 不及物動詞的過去分詞不可用作后置定語，若要表示這個意思要用從句，如： The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (應改為which/that died) 3．作狀語：① 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示陪襯性的動作或伴隨情況，如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.注意：a. 分詞表示的必須是主語的一個動作；b. 分詞表示的動作和謂語表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）是同時發(fā)生的；c. 分詞表示的是比較次要的動作，對謂語表示的動作或狀態(tài)加以說明；d. 大部分放在謂語之后；e. 分詞有時可以與句子的其他部分用逗號隔開。

② 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示行為方式或手段（這類狀語可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有時還可以放在句中其他參考上述a-c），如： Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities.③ 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示原因或理由，如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to send the boy 。